Two kinds of company shape the world's highways, and this guide keeps them apart on purpose. The operators — VINCI Autoroutes and Abertis, Transurban and Mundys, Ferrovial's Cintra and Brazil's Motiva — hold concessions measured in decades, collect the tolls, and carry the traffic risk.

Two kinds of company shape the world's highways, and this guide keeps them apart on purpose. The operators — VINCI Autoroutes and Abertis, Transurban and Mundys, Ferrovial's Cintra and Brazil's Motiva — hold concessions measured in decades, collect the tolls, and carry the traffic risk. The builders — CRBC and STRABAG, Colas and Skanska, Webuild and L&T — pour the concrete and hand over the keys, holding almost no concessions in their own names. Between them sit the integrated groups, Eiffage with APRR at their head, and one honest exception: Japan's NEXCO companies, state-owned corporations that operate expressways without owning them. For each of the 25: who leads it in October 2026, with exact published titles; what it owns or builds, network by network; how its tolling works — closed barrier, free-flow or fully electronic; its scale, dated and sourced in the entry; and its published route of contact. Where a figure or a name could not be verified from an official source, the entry says so, and the gaps are named again at the end.

CONCESSION OPERATORS

1. ABERTIS INFRAESTRUCTURAS, S.A. — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 2003 (merger of Acesa and Áurea; roots in Autopistas Concesionaria Española, 1967) · Concession operator

Leader: José Aljaro Navarro (Francisco José Aljaro Navarro), Chief Executive Officer (since 28 November 2018) Chair: Juan Santamaría Cases, Chairman (per Abertis 2025 corporate presentation; succeeded Marcelino Fernández Verdes)

Leadership: Chairman Juan Santamaría Cases; CEO José Aljaro Navarro; board as published on abertis.com corporate governance pages CFO: Not published as a single named CFO in the English sources consulted; finance leadership via Abertis corporate governance pages

Business: Toll motorway concessions and operation; electronic tolling via Emovis / Abertis Mobility Services; tunnels (Vallvidrera, Cadí); road safety and mobility services

Customers: Motorists and freight operators; grantor governments in Spain, France, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Italy, India, Puerto Rico/USA as published

Scale: Revenue EUR 6,149 million, FY2025; EBITDA EUR 4,374 million, FY2025 (Abertis annual results release, 24 Feb 2026)

Concessions & networks: c. 8,000 km under management worldwide (company reporting; network built from 33+ concessions — see Networks; dated 2025 presentation) Networks: Spain: Autopistas (A-7, AP-2 and others), Avasa, Iberpistas, Trados, Vallvidrera/Cadí tunnels; France: Sanef/SAPN (1,873 km in presentation), A63 (100%, 2026), HIT; Brazil: Arteris 3,193 km (7 concessions); Chile: VíasChile 600+ km incl. Autopista Central; Mexico: RCO 1,000+ km (extended to 2067); Italy: A4 Holding 236 km; USA/Puerto Rico and India: Metropistas / EMOVIS tolling operations as published

Footprint: Spain, France, Italy, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Argentina, India, Puerto Rico, United States, United Kingdom (tolling services) · Headquarters: Paseo de la Castellana 259C, 28046 Madrid, Spain (registered office as published; Barcelona offices at Parc Logístic, Zona Franca)

Structure: Private; shareholders Mundys (formerly Atlantia) and Grupo ACS (with Hochtief) — Mundys/ACS described as shareholders in Abertis 2025-2026 releases

Website: abertis.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via abertis.com contact and country subsidiary sites (Sanef, Arteris, VíasChile, RCO); no published general email — site routes enquiries

Created in 2003 from Spain's Acesa and Áurea; expanded across France (Sanef, 2006), Brazil (Arteris, 2012), Chile, Mexico and the United States; taken private in 2018 by Atlantia (now Mundys), ACS and Hochtief; A63 in France moved to 100% ownership in 2026 and RCO Mexico concession extended to 2067. One of the world's largest pure toll-road groups and the clearest example of the Mundys-ACS shared-ownership model; its Emovis arm sells free-flow tolling technology to other authorities worldwide. Tolling posture: mixed — closed barrier systems in Spain and France, free-flow electronic tolling in Chile (Autopista Central), Puerto Rico and on Emovis-operated schemes; Sanef migrating French sections to flux libre.

Sources: Abertis FY2025 results release, 24 Feb 2026 (abertis.com); Abertis Corporate Presentation 2025; Abertis corporate governance pages; Mundys/Abertis A63 releases, 2025-2026

2. ALEATICA, S.A.B. DE C.V. / ALEATICA S.A.U. — MEXICO CITY, MEXICO

Founded 2000 (as OHL Concesiones; renamed Aleatica in 2018) · Concession operator

Leader: David Antonio Díaz Almazán, Chief Executive Officer, Aleatica Group (appointed 7 March 2022); Rubén López, CEO, Aleatica in Mexico (per Aleatica Mexico releases) Chair: Ken Daley, Chairman of the Board (appointed 2022, succeeding as CEO handed to Díaz Almazán — per Aleatica board release)

Leadership: Group CEO David Díaz Almazán; Chairman Ken Daley; Mexico CEO Rubén López (Aleatica releases, 2022-2026) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Toll-road concessions and operation; urban elevated toll roads; Toluca International Airport minority interest (Mexico); smart-mobility and road-safety programmes

Customers: Motorists and freight in the Mexico City metropolitan area and Puebla/Veracruz corridors; grantor: Government of the State of Mexico, federal SICT and Puebla authorities as published

Scale: Revenue not published in an accessible official English release for this edition — stated plainly; scale carried as network: 7 toll roads in Mexico totalling c. 413 km in investor materials, plus the itemised operating network on aleatica.com (see Networks)

Concessions & networks: Mexico: c. 413 km across 7 toll roads (Aleatica Mexico investor snapshot); global portfolio km not published as a single verified total — stated plainly Networks: Mexico: Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (110-118 km), Viaducto Bicentenario (22 km), Autopista Urbana Norte (9 km), Supervía Poetas/Poniente (7 km), Amozoc-Perote / GANA (123 km), Libramiento Elevado de Puebla (15 km), Atizapán-Atlacomulco (77 km, in development), Enlace CEM-AIFA; plus Toluca Airport interest

Footprint: Mexico (core), Spain, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Italy (group footprint as published) · Headquarters: Mexico City, Mexico (Aleatica S.A.B. de C.V.); group holding Madrid, Spain (Aleatica S.A.U.) — addresses as published on aleatica.com

Structure: Private; controlled by IFM Investors (Australian pension-fund-owned infrastructure manager) since 2018

Website: aleatica.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via aleatica.com and individual concession sites (CONMEX, GANA, OPI); investor contact via Aleatica Mexico published channels

Built as the concessions arm of Spain's OHL; IFM Investors (via IFM Global Infrastructure Fund) acquired control in 2018 and the business was renamed Aleatica; delisted in Mexico after IFM's tender; portfolio concentrated in Mexico City's metropolitan toll roads plus assets in Spain, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Italy (Brebemi context via group history). The Mexico City metropolitan toll-road leader by concessions and managed kilometres in its market, owned outright by pension capital (IFM) — a pure-play private concession operator with no construction arm. Tolling posture: electronic tolling (TeleVía/IAVE tags) with barrier plazas on interurban roads and free-flow on urban elevated roads. Named gap: current group revenue not published in sources consulted.

Sources: Aleatica board appointment release, 7 Mar 2022 (aleatica.com); Aleatica Mexico pages and GANA/FIBRAeMX release (aleatica.com); IFM/Aleatica investor snapshot materials

3. BRISA — AUTO-ESTRADAS DE PORTUGAL, S.A. — SÃO DOMINGOS DE RANA (CASCAIS), PORTUGAL

Founded 1972 (founded by Jorge de Brito) · Concession operator

Leader: António Pires de Lima, Chief Executive Officer Chair: Vasco de Mello, Chairman

Leadership: Chairman Vasco de Mello; CEO António Pires de Lima (company listings, Oct 2026) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Motorway concessions and operation; electronic toll collection (Via Verde); road services, vehicle inspection (Controlauto) and mobility technology services

Customers: Motorists and freight operators; grantor: Portuguese State (BCR concession to December 2035, as published)

Scale: Current-year revenue not verified from an official English source for this edition — stated plainly (last widely republished figure, EUR 764.8 million, dates from 2010 and is NOT carried as current); scale carried instead as network length and concession term below

Concessions & networks: 1,494 km across four Portuguese concessions (17 motorways) in published concession summaries; main BCR network 1,124 km under concession, 1,100 km operated, 1,014 km tolled (BCR company profile) Networks: BCR: A1 Norte, A2 Sul, A3 Porto-Valença, A4 Porto-Amarante, A5 Costa do Estoril, A6 Marateca-Caia, A9 CREL, A10, A12, A13, A14 (1,100 km operated); Atlântico (50%): A8, A15 (170 km); Brisal (70%): A17 (93 km); Douro Litoral (55%): A32, A41, A43 (129 km)

Footprint: Portugal (core); historical/technology activities in the United States and Netherlands as published · Headquarters: São Domingos de Rana, Cascais, Portugal (registered headquarters as published; full street address via brisa.pt)

Structure: Subsidiary structure: Grupo José de Mello is the largest shareholder (over 30% via subsidiaries; 57.3% parent figure in older listings); Arcus Infrastructure/others and free float on Euronext Lisbon historically — current register via brisa.pt investor pages

Website: brisa.pt/en/ · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via brisa.pt and brisaconcessao.pt published channels; Via Verde customer channels for tolling accounts

Created in 1972 to build Portugal's motorway backbone when the country had c. 20 km of motorway; delivered the A1 Lisbon-Porto axis and the Lisbon/Porto rings; privatised progressively with Grupo José de Mello as anchor shareholder; operates through Brisa Concessão Rodoviária (BCR, 70% held) and stakes in Atlântico, Brisal and Douro Litoral concessions; Via Verde pioneered interoperable electronic tolling in Portugal (1991). Portugal's dominant concessionaire — about half the national motorway network — and, through Via Verde, one of Europe's earliest interoperable electronic-tolling pioneers. Tolling posture: mixed barrier tolling and Via Verde electronic lanes; former ex-SCUT motorways in partner concessions use free-flow gantries. Named gap: current revenue and full C-suite were not verifiable from official English sources for this edition.

Sources: Brisa/BCR company profile pages (brisaconcessao.pt); Brisa company listings; concession summaries, Oct 2026

4. FERROVIAL S.E. — HIGHWAYS (CINTRA) — AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

Founded 1952 (Ferrovial founded in Madrid by Rafael del Pino); Cintra concessions arm from 1998 · Concession operator

Leader: Ignacio Madridejos, Chief Executive Officer, Ferrovial SE Chair: Rafael del Pino Calvo-Sotelo, Chairman; Óscar Fanjul, Vice Chairman

Leadership: Chairman Rafael del Pino; CEO Ignacio Madridejos; Vice Chairman Óscar Fanjul (Ferrovial SE listings, Oct 2026) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Toll-road concessions via Cintra (managed/express lanes, traditional toll roads); airports (context — JFK New Terminal One); construction (Ferrovial Construction, Webber, Budimex — see Notes); energy infrastructure

Customers: Motorists and freight on managed lanes; grantor authorities — Ontario (407 ETR consortium), TxDOT, NCDOT, VDOT and European conceding authorities — as published

Scale: Ferrovial SE revenue EUR 9.63 billion, FY2025; 22,609 employees (FY2025 reporting); 407 ETR generated c. C$2.0 billion revenue in 2025 (company/trade reporting on Ferrovial results)

Concessions & networks: Not published as a single group km total in sources consulted — portfolio is published asset-by-asset (407 ETR 108 km; Texas managed lanes and I-66/I-77 corridors itemised in Networks); stated plainly rather than estimated Networks: Canada: 407 ETR, Toronto (48.29%); USA: NTE, LBJ and NTE 35W (Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas), I-77 (North Carolina), I-66 (Virginia), I-24 Southeast Choice Lanes and SH 99 Grand Parkway (in development, as published); Europe: Autema, Ausol and Azores concessions (Spain/Portugal), Via Livre tolling (Portugal), B2in (Slovakia context) as published

Footprint: Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland, United States, Canada, Chile, Australia (group footprint as published) · Headquarters: Amsterdam, Netherlands (registered seat, Ferrovial SE); operational headquarters Madrid, Spain — Calle Príncipe de Vergara, Madrid, as published

Structure: Listed — BMAD: FER, Euronext Amsterdam: FER, Nasdaq: FER; founding del Pino family remains anchor shareholder via Rijn Capital

Website: ferrovial.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via ferrovial.com Highways/Cintra pages and asset sites (407etr.com, Texas managed-lanes sites); no published general email

Founded as a railway works company in 1952; created Cintra in 1998 for toll-road concessions; won Toronto's 407 ETR (1999) and pioneered US managed lanes in Texas, Virginia and North Carolina; redomiciled to the Netherlands as Ferrovial SE in 2023 and listed on Nasdaq in 2024; increased 407 ETR stake to 48.29% in 2025. The managed-lanes specialist: Ferrovial/Cintra's North American express lanes use fully electronic, dynamically priced tolling, and the 407 ETR is routinely described in its reporting as among the world's most valuable toll roads. Tolling posture: fully electronic, free-flow with dynamic pricing on North American managed lanes; barrier + electronic mix on European concessions. Construction activity is covered in this entry's context only — Ferrovial is classified here by its highways concessions, its value core.

Sources: Ferrovial FY2025 results reporting (ferrovial.com, Feb 2026); Ferrovial SE company listings; Highways Today and trade reporting on 407 ETR stake increase, 2025

5. JIANGSU EXPRESSWAY COMPANY LIMITED — NANJING, CHINA

Founded 1992 (incorporated in Jiangsu; H-shares listed in Hong Kong in 1997, A-shares in Shanghai in 2001) · Concession operator

Leader: Not published as a CEO title — Chinese listed-company structure: Chairman, General Manager and Board Secretary roles published in HKEX filings; current names via latest annual report (see Named gaps) Chair: Not verified from an official English filing for this edition — stated plainly; chairman named in Jiangsu Expressway annual report/HKEX announcements

Leadership: Board and senior management as published in Jiangsu Expressway annual report and HKEX announcements; no single CEO title is used — stated plainly CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Expressway concessions, operation and toll collection; expressway maintenance and expansion (Shanghai-Nanjing widening programme); service areas, fuel/energy and ancillary roadside businesses via subsidiaries

Customers: Motorists and freight on the Yangtze Delta expressway network; grantor: Jiangsu provincial transport authorities as published

Scale: Revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official English filing in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as network length and listing (dual-listed, HKEX/SSE)

Concessions & networks: Controlled/operated expressway mileage published asset-by-asset in annual report (core: Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway 248 km plus Guangjing, Xicheng, Jiangyin Bridge and other Jiangsu sections); no single group total verified in English sources — stated plainly Networks: Shanghai-Nanjing (Huning) Expressway; Guangjing Expressway; Xicheng Expressway; Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge; Nanjing Ring and connecting Jiangsu sections as published in annual report

Footprint: China — Jiangsu Province (Yangtze Delta) · Headquarters: Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (registered office as published in HKEX filings; full address in annual report)

Structure: Listed (HKEX: 177; SSE: 600377); controlling shareholder Jiangsu Communications Holding (Jiangsu provincial state-owned group)

Website: jsexpressway.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via jsexpressway.com and HKEXnews filings; investor relations via published company contacts in annual report

Incorporated in 1992 to build and operate Jiangsu's first expressways; opened the Shanghai-Nanjing (Huning) Expressway in 1996, the corridor between China's two largest Yangtze Delta cities; listed in Hong Kong (HKEX: 177) and Shanghai (SSE: 600377); expanded into adjacent Jiangsu expressways, bridges and service-area/energy investments. The listed operator of the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor — one of the world's busiest intercity expressways — and a template for China's provincial listed-expressway model. Tolling posture: closed-system barrier tolling with ETC (China's national ETC now fitted to the large majority of vehicles). Named gaps: chairman/CEO-equivalent names and dated revenue require the latest Chinese annual report and are flagged rather than guessed.

Sources: Jiangsu Expressway company site and HKEX filing record (HKEX: 177); listing data, Oct 2026

6. MOTIVA S.A. (FORMERLY GRUPO CCR) — SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Founded 1999 (as Companhia de Concessões Rodoviárias — CCR) · Concession operator

Leader: Miguel Setas, Chief Executive Officer Chair: Not verified from an official source for this edition — stated plainly

Leadership: CEO Miguel Setas (CCR/Motiva results and integrated reporting, 2024-2026); platform heads as published by the company CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Highway concessions (11 concessionaires); urban mobility concessions (metro, light rail, ferry); airport concessions (20 airports in Brazil, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Ecuador)

Customers: Motorists and freight (3.4 million equivalent vehicles/day on highways, 2024); metro passengers (3 million/day); airport passengers (45 million, 2024); grantor federal/state governments as published

Scale: Consolidated gross revenue R$22,836 million, FY2024, of which Highways R$11,775 million (CCR financial statements, year ended 31 Dec 2024); highways account for 41% of all toll revenue on Brazilian highways (Integrated Report 2024)

Concessions & networks: 3,600 km of highways under management, 11 concessionaires, 37 concessions group-wide incl. mobility/airports (Integrated Report 2024) Networks: AutoBAn (Anhanguera-Bandeirantes, 316 km); NovaDutra / RioSP (BR-116 Via Dutra, 402 km); ViaOeste (Castello Branco-Raposo Tavares); RodoNorte (BR-277/369/376, Paraná); ViaLagos (RJ-124); Ponte Rio-Niterói; SPVias, ViaCosteira, RioSP and others as published

Footprint: Brazil (13 states); airports/mobility interests in Costa Rica, Curaçao, Ecuador · Headquarters: São Paulo, Brazil (headquarters as published; full address via motiva.com.br investor relations)

Structure: Listed on B3 (MOTV3, formerly CCRO3); founding shareholder groups Camargo Corrêa, Andrade Gutierrez and Soares Penido historically c. 17% each with free float — current register via Motiva investor relations

Website: motiva.com.br · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via motiva.com.br (formerly grupoccr.com.br) investor relations and concessionaire sites (e.g., CCR AutoBAn, CCR RioSP)

Founded in 1999 by Brazilian construction groups (Camargo Corrêa, Andrade Gutierrez, Soares Penido) to hold highway concessions including AutoBAn and NovaDutra (Via Dutra); listed on B3 (Novo Mercado); diversified into urban mobility (São Paulo metro lines) and airports (from 2012); rebranded from Grupo CCR to Motiva in 2025 (ticker MOTV3). Latin America's largest highway operator by toll revenue share in its home market, and the guide's clearest roads-plus-mobility-plus-airports concession platform; renamed Motiva in 2025 — both names are carried so the record is findable. Tolling posture: barrier plazas with electronic tags (Sem Parar, ConectCar and others) dominant; free-flow pilots/self-service rollout on São Paulo state highways from September 2024 (company reporting). Rename CCR → Motiva recorded as published.

Sources: CCR Integrated Report 2024 (Motiva archive); CCR FY2024 financial statements (segment revenue); Motiva company listings, Oct 2026

7. MUNDYS S.P.A. (FORMERLY ATLANTIA) — ROME, ITALY

Founded 1950 (Autostrade roots); Atlantia holding from 1986; renamed Mundys on 15 March 2023 · Concession operator

Leader: Andrea Mangoni, Chief Executive Officer and General Director (per Mundys key-people listings) Chair: Alessandro Benetton, President/Chairman (Chairman of Edizione and Mundys, per Mundys transformation reporting); Giampiero Massolo, Vice-President

Leadership: President Alessandro Benetton; Vice-President Giampiero Massolo; CEO and General Director Andrea Mangoni (key-people listings, Oct 2026) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Motorway concessions (via Abertis and Grupo Costanera); airport concessions (Rome Fiumicino/Ciampino, Nice/Cannes/Saint-Tropez); electronic tolling and mobility payments (Telepass); intelligent transport systems (Yunex Traffic)

Customers: Motorists, airlines and passengers; grantor governments across 11 concession countries; tolling/ITS customers in 24 countries as published

Scale: Revenue EUR 9.3 billion; c. 8,600 km of motorways; 44 concessions; c. 24,000 employees (Edizione/Mundys figures as of 31 December 2025); profile data also records EUR 9.6 billion revenue for 2025 — the Edizione dated figure is carried as headline

Concessions & networks: c. 8,600 km of toll motorways (Edizione, figures as of 31 Dec 2025); group materials also cite 9,400 km including all managed toll roads — basis stated in-row Networks: Via Abertis (see Abertis entry): Spain, France (Sanef, A63), Brazil (Arteris), Chile, Mexico, Italy (A4); Chile: Grupo Costanera (Costanera Norte and network); Telepass tolling across Europe; 15.5% stake in Getlink (Eurotunnel) as published

Footprint: 11 concession countries (France, Italy, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India, Puerto Rico) and tolling/ITS services in 24 countries (company reporting) · Headquarters: Piazza di San Silvestro 8, 00187 Rome, Italy (company profile address as published)

Structure: Private; controlled by Edizione S.p.A. (Benetton family holding, 57.01% per Edizione reporting) with Blackstone Infrastructure Partners and Fondazione CRT as co-investors

Website: mundys.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via mundys.com; subsidiary access via Abertis, Aeroporti di Roma and Telepass published channels; no published general email in sources consulted

Built Italy's autostrade network as Autostrade; diversified into airports (Aeroporti di Roma, 2013) and internationally from 2005; after the 2018 Morandi Bridge collapse, sold Autostrade per l'Italia to a CDP-led consortium (completed 5 May 2022); taken private by Edizione (Benetton) and Blackstone and delisted in December 2022; renamed Mundys in March 2023 as a mobility holding centred on Abertis, airports, Telepass and Yunex Traffic. The renamed Atlantia: a private, Benetton/Blackstone-owned mobility holding that no longer operates Italy's core autostrade (sold in 2022) yet controls, through Abertis, one of the world's largest toll-road portfolios. Rename and ownership are stated in full because they define the entry: Atlantia became Mundys on 15 March 2023 after the Edizione/Blackstone takeover and delisting. Tolling posture varies by subsidiary — see Abertis entry; Telepass is Italy's dominant electronic tolling service.

Sources: Mundys transformation pages (mundys.com); Edizione Mundys portfolio page (figures as of 31 Dec 2025); Mundys/Abertis releases 2025-2026; company profile data, Oct 2026

8. TRANSURBAN GROUP — MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA

Founded 1996 (founded in Melbourne to deliver CityLink) · Concession operator

Leader: Michelle Jablko, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director (since October 2023; previously Group CFO) Chair: Craig Drummond, Chair (non-executive Chairman, per Transurban board listings)

Leadership: CEO Michelle Jablko; Chair Craig Drummond; CFO Henry Byrne; executive team as published on transurban.com and in FY25/FY26 corporate reports CFO: Henry Byrne, Chief Financial Officer (per published executive listings, 2025-2026)

Business: Urban toll road concessions, operation and customer service (Linkt retail brand in Australia, Express Lanes in the USA, A25 in Canada); tolling technology (Transurban's electronic tolling platforms); road incident and traffic operations

Customers: Motorists and freight operators (Linkt account holders); grantor governments — Australian state governments, Virginia Department of Transportation, Quebec authorities — as published

Scale: Proportional revenue A$3,795 million, FY2025 (year ended 30 June 2025); statutory total revenue A$3,953 million, FY2025; proportional toll revenue A$3,732 million (Transurban FY25 Corporate Report / Appendix 4E)

Concessions & networks: 22 toll roads in operation across five cities (company reporting, FY2025); route length is published asset-by-asset rather than as a single group km total — no single verified group km figure is published, stated plainly Networks: Australia — Melbourne: CityLink, West Gate Tunnel; Sydney: M2, M5 West, Lane Cove Tunnel, Cross City Tunnel, Eastern Distributor (75.1%), M7 (50%), WestConnex (50%), NorthConnex (50%); Brisbane: Gateway, Logan, AirportlinkM7, Clem7, Legacy Way, Go Between Bridge (62.5%); USA: 95, 395 and 495 Express Lanes, Virginia (50%); Canada: A25, Montreal (50%)

Footprint: Australia, United States, Canada · Headquarters: Level 31, Tower Five, Collins Square, 727 Collins Street, Docklands, Victoria 3008, Australia (as published in ASX releases)

Structure: Listed on ASX (ASX: TCL); stapled group — Transurban Holdings Limited, Transurban Holding Trust and Transurban International Limited; widely held institutional ownership

Website: transurban.com · Contact: email corporate@transurban.com (as published in ASX releases); phone +61 3 8656 8900 (as published in ASX releases). Via transurban.com investor centre and Linkt customer channels; published corporate email and phone carried above exactly as printed in ASX releases

Founded in 1996 for Melbourne's CityLink; listed on ASX; built Sydney and Brisbane networks by acquisition and greenfield tunnels (WestConnex, NorthConnex, West Gate Tunnel); expanded to North America (Virginia Express Lanes from 2007, Montreal A25 in 2018). The Anglophone world's archetypal urban toll-road operator: almost entirely free-flow electronic tolling, dynamic pricing on its US Express Lanes, and a retail customer brand (Linkt) with millions of account holders. Tolling posture: 100% free-flow electronic tolling (no cash booths) across the network; dynamic congestion pricing on Virginia Express Lanes. West Gate Tunnel was the major delivery project of FY2025-2026.

Sources: Transurban FY25 Corporate Report and Appendix 4E; FY26 ASX release (transurban.com); Transurban 2025 AGM Chair/CEO addresses, 8 Oct 2025; board/executive listings, Oct 2026

9. VINCI CONCESSIONS (INCLUDING VINCI AUTOROUTES AND VINCI HIGHWAYS) — NANTERRE, FRANCE

Founded 2000 (VINCI Concessions in present form; VINCI group roots 1899) · Concession operator

Leader: Pierre Anjolras, Chief Executive Officer, VINCI SA (since 1 May 2025) Chair: Xavier Huillard, Chairman of the Board, VINCI SA (Chairman and CEO 2010-2025; Chairman since 1 May 2025)

Leadership: Group CEO Pierre Anjolras; Chairman Xavier Huillard; VINCI Autoroutes and VINCI Highways leadership published on vinci.com (management team pages, Oct 2026) CFO: Not published as a separate VINCI Concessions CFO title in sources consulted; group finance led within VINCI SA executive structure

Business: Motorway concessions and operation (closed-system tolling, free-flow and electronic toll collection / télépéage); highways concessions outside France; airports concessions (context only — this guide covers the roads business); tolling services

Customers: Motorists and freight operators; grantor governments (French State, US, Brazilian, German and other conceding authorities) as published

Scale: VINCI Concessions revenue EUR 12 billion, FY2025 (+5%); VINCI Autoroutes revenue EUR 6.7 billion, FY2025 (+2.3%); VINCI Highways revenue EUR 543 million, FY2025 (VINCI FY2025 results release, Feb 2026)

Concessions & networks: c. 8,200 km of motorways/highways under concession worldwide (VINCI, FY2025 — 'leading motorway operator, network spanning 8,200 km'); VINCI Autoroutes c. 4,443 km in France Networks: France: ASF, Escota, Cofiroute, Arcour networks; Germany: A-Modell sections; USA: Northwest Parkway (Denver), Ohio River Bridges context; Brazil: Via Cristais and other VINCI Highways concessions; Slovakia R1; Greece and Canada legacy assets as published

Footprint: France, Germany, Slovakia, Greece, United States, Canada, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic (roads) — concessions footprint as published by VINCI · Headquarters: 1973 boulevard de la Défense, 92000 Nanterre, France (VINCI SA registered office, as published)

Structure: Division of VINCI SA, listed on Euronext Paris (CAC 40); concession companies held through VINCI Concessions with minority partners on individual assets

Website: vinci.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via VINCI SA investor and concessions pages (vinci.com); concession-level contact via each operating company's published site

Formed from VINCI's motorway holdings — Cofiroute (1970), ASF and Escota — consolidated after France's motorway privatisations (2002-2006); VINCI Highways added international concessions in the Americas, Europe and Brazil; Northwest Parkway (Denver) and Brazilian highways integrated in 2024-2025. The world's leading private motorway operator by network length in VINCI's own FY2025 reporting, pairing France's largest tolled network with a growing free-flow highways portfolio in the Americas. Tolling posture: predominantly closed-system barrier tolling in France with télépéage lanes, migrating to free-flow (flux libre) on newer sections; fully electronic on VINCI Highways assets abroad. Framed here as a division of VINCI SA — group leadership is therefore the verified leadership carried.

Sources: VINCI FY2025 results and Universal Registration material (vinci.com, Feb 2026); VINCI AGM release 17 Apr 2025 (Chairman/CEO separation); VINCI management pages, Oct 2026

10. ZHEJIANG EXPRESSWAY COMPANY LIMITED — HANGZHOU, CHINA

Founded 1997 (incorporated to hold Zhejiang expressway assets; listed in Hong Kong in 1997) · Concession operator

Leader: Not published as a CEO title — Chairman/General Manager structure published in HKEX filings (see Jiangsu note and Named gaps) Chair: Not verified from an official English filing for this edition — stated plainly

Leadership: Board and senior management as published in Zhejiang Expressway annual report/HKEX announcements; no single CEO title is used — stated plainly CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Expressway concessions, operation and toll collection in Zhejiang; expressway expansion and maintenance; financial investment (Zheshang Securities stake) as published

Customers: Motorists and freight in the Yangtze Delta (Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo corridor); grantor: Zhejiang provincial authorities as published

Scale: Revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official English filing in sources consulted, stated plainly; scale carried as listing and core corridor (see Networks)

Concessions & networks: Core operated mileage published asset-by-asset in annual report (Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo c. 248 km plus Jiasu, Shangsan and Huang-Qian sections); no single verified English group total — stated plainly Networks: Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway; Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway; Jiasu (Jiaxing-Suzhou) Expressway; Shangsan Expressway; Huangshan-Qiandaohu section interests as published

Footprint: China — Zhejiang Province and Yangtze Delta connections · Headquarters: Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (registered office as published in HKEX filings)

Structure: Listed (HKEX: 576); controlling shareholder Zhejiang Communications Investment Group Co. (CICO), Zhejiang provincial state-owned enterprise

Website: zjec.com.cn · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via zjec.com.cn and HKEXnews filings; investor relations via annual-report contacts

Formed in 1997 as the Hong Kong-listed flagship of Zhejiang provincial expressway assets (HKEX: 576), anchored by the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo (Hunhangyong) Expressway; added Jiaxing-Suzhou (Jiasu), Shangsan and other sections; parent Zhejiang Communications Investment Group (CICO) is the provincial infrastructure group; also holds a stake in Zheshang Securities. The Zhejiang counterpart to Jiangsu Expressway: a 1997-vintage Hong Kong listing that still carries one of China's highest-value delta corridors, Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo. Tolling posture: closed-system barrier tolling with national ETC. Included as a second Chinese listed operator for honest geographic balance; its leadership/revenue gaps mirror Jiangsu's and are named, not filled.

Sources: Zhejiang Expressway company site and HKEX filing record (HKEX: 576), Oct 2026

PUBLIC EXPRESSWAY CORPORATIONS

11. EAST NIPPON EXPRESSWAY COMPANY LIMITED (NEXCO EAST) — TOKYO, JAPAN

Founded 2005 (created 1 October 2005 on privatisation — in public-corporation form — of the Japan Highway Public Corporation) · Public expressway corporation

Leader: Not published as a CEO title — President is the head of the company under Japanese practice; current President named on e-nexco.co.jp corporate pages (verify in Japanese corporate profile; English name not carried where unverified) Chair: Not published (no separate chairman role in the company's published English structure)

Leadership: President and executive officers as published by NEXCO East (e-nexco.co.jp); English-verified names not carried where the source is Japanese-only — stated plainly CFO: Not published in English sources consulted — stated plainly

Business: Expressway operation, maintenance, renewal and construction under JEHDRA agreements; service/parking areas; ETC toll collection; related businesses (retail, logistics facilities)

Customers: Motorists and freight across eastern Japan; asset owner/grantor: JEHDRA and MLIT as published

Scale: Toll revenue and network figures published in NEXCO East corporate profile and MLIT reporting (Japanese); no single English dated revenue figure verified for this edition — stated plainly; scale carried as network: NEXCO East operates c. 4,000 km of expressways in published corporate outlines

Concessions & networks: Not applicable as a private concession — operates c. 4,000 km of expressways under JEHDRA agreements (assets owned by JEHDRA); figure as published in corporate outlines, basis stated in-row Networks: Kan-Etsu, Joshin-Etsu, Tohoku, Joban, Tateyama, Higashi-Kanto, Kita-Kanto, Ken-O (eastern sections), Hokkaido and other eastern-Japan expressways as published

Footprint: Japan — Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Shinetsu regions · Headquarters: Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (head office as published on e-nexco.co.jp; full address in corporate profile)

Structure: Wholly owned by the Government of Japan (Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) under the expressway companies legislation — a public corporation in form, explicitly NOT a private concessionaire; framed as such in this guide

Website: e-nexco.co.jp/en/ · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via e-nexco.co.jp (English outline) and Drive Plaza customer services; ETC customer channels as published

Created in 2005 when Japan Highway Public Corporation was split into NEXCO East, Central and West under the expressway privatisation laws: the companies operate and build expressways under agreements with the Japan Expressway Holding and Debt Repayment Agency (JEHDRA), which owns the assets and the debt. NEXCO East covers Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto and Shinetsu — including metropolitan Tokyo's eastern approaches. Framed honestly: NEXCO East is a state-owned operating corporation, not a concession investor — included because no worldwide highway guide is complete without Japan's expressway system, and labelled so it is never mistaken for a private operator. Tolling posture: closed-system tolling dominated by ETC (over 90% usage nationally); Smart Interchanges and ETC-only toll plazas expanding. Companions NEXCO Central and NEXCO West operate the central and western networks on the same model and are covered in this entry's context, not padded as separate rows.

Sources: NEXCO East corporate pages (e-nexco.co.jp/en); JEHDRA/MLIT expressway framework materials, Oct 2026

INTEGRATED OPERATOR-BUILDERS

12. ACCIONA S.A. — INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS & CONCESSIONS) — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 1997 (Acciona formed by merger of Entrecanales y Távora (1931) and Cubiertas MZOV (1916)) · Integrated operator-builder

Leader: José Manuel Entrecanales Domecq, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (combined role as published) Chair: José Manuel Entrecanales Domecq, Chairman and CEO

Leadership: Chairman and CEO José Manuel Entrecanales; divisional leadership as published on acciona.com CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Construction (roads, tunnels, bridges); concessions (toll roads and availability PPPs via Acciona Concesiones); water; energy (Acciona Energía — context only)

Customers: Motorists on Spanish/Chilean toll concessions; grantor governments in Spain, Chile, Canada, Australia, Brazil as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as concessions footprint below

Concessions & networks: Road concessions published asset-by-asset on acciona.com (Spanish AP/A concessions context, Chilean Ruta 160 and Vespucio sections context, Canadian and Australian PPP roads); no single verified group km total in sources consulted — stated plainly Networks: Spain: legacy toll and shadow-toll concessions as published; Chile: Ruta 160, Américo Vespucio Sur context; Canada: Southeast Stoney Trail (Calgary) and Herb Gray Parkway context; Australia: Legacy Way (Brisbane, delivered/operated context) — as published

Footprint: Spain, Chile, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Poland and further markets (group reporting) · Headquarters: Avenida de Europa 18, Parque Empresarial La Moraleja, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange (BMAD: ANA, IBEX 35); Entrecanales family is controlling shareholder

Website: acciona.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via acciona.com Infrastructure pages and concession-level sites as published

Formed in 1997 from two historic Spanish contractors; built a concessions portfolio (Acciona Concesiones) spanning Spanish, Chilean, Canadian, Australian and Brazilian highways alongside construction (Acciona Construcción) and its better-known energy arm (Acciona Energía); delivered the Legacy Way tunnel (Brisbane) and São Paulo metro/road works context. Classified integrated because it both builds and holds roads — but in this guide its concessions are deliberately described asset-by-asset, since Acciona publishes no single roads-km total to carry. Tolling posture varies by asset (barrier + electronic in Spain/Chile; availability payments in Canada/Australia). Named gap: dated revenue and a group roads-km total are not published in a form verifiable for this edition.

Sources: Acciona company and infrastructure pages (acciona.com), Oct 2026

13. EIFFAGE S.A. — APRR GROUP — VÉLIZY-VILLACOUBLAY, FRANCE

Founded 1992 (Eiffage formed from Fougerolle and SAE merger; APRR privatised to Eiffage/Macquarie consortium in 2006) · Integrated operator-builder

Leader: Benoît de Ruffray, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Eiffage S.A. Chair: Benoît de Ruffray, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (combined role as published)

Leadership: Chairman and CEO Benoît de Ruffray (Eiffage listings, Oct 2026); APRR divisional leadership as published by APRR CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Motorway concessions (APRR, AREA, Aliaé, Aliénor, Adelac, Millau); infrastructure and road construction (Eiffage Génie Civil, Eiffage Route); construction; energy systems; airport concessions (Lille, Toulouse — context)

Customers: Motorists and freight on APRR/AREA networks; grantor: French State; contracting customers: French and European public authorities as published

Scale: Eiffage revenue EUR 23.4 billion approx. group level in recent reporting — APRR-specific: APRR and AREA toll turnover EUR 2,329.5 million in 9M 2025 and EUR 2,311.2 million in 9M 2026 (APRR Q3 releases); Concessions revenue EUR 3.89 billion, FY2024 (Eiffage annual results)

Concessions & networks: APRR + AREA c. 2,300 km in France (published network length); plus A79 (87 km), A65, A41 and Millau Viaduct concessions itemised in Networks Networks: France: APRR (A5, A6, A31, A36, A39, A40, A42, A43/AREA, A46, A71, A75 sections and others), AREA (Alpine network), Aliaé A79 (free-flow), Aliénor A65, Adelac A41, Millau Viaduct (A75); Senegal: Autoroute de l'Avenir (Dakar)

Footprint: France and Senegal (concessions); contracting across Europe and internationally as published · Headquarters: 3-7 place de l'Europe, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, France (Eiffage registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on Euronext Paris (EPA: FGR); employee shareholding is a significant, published feature of Eiffage ownership; largest shareholder of Getlink (Channel Tunnel) as published

Website: eiffage.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via eiffage.com and APRR customer channels (aprr.com, voyage.aprr.fr); no published general email

Eiffage was formed in 1992 and, with Macquarie, won control of APRR (Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône) in France's 2006 motorway privatisation; Eiffage later consolidated APRR/AREA and added Aliaé (A79, free-flow, opened 2022), Aliénor (A65), Millau Viaduct and Adelac (A41), plus Senegal's Autoroute de l'Avenir; contracting spans infrastructure, construction and energy systems. France's second motorway group and the guide's textbook integrated model: the same group that builds roads (Eiffage Route/Génie Civil) operates APRR — and its A79 was France's first full free-flow motorway conversion at scale. Tolling posture: closed barrier system with télépéage on APRR/AREA; free-flow (flux libre) on A79 Aliaé — the contrast is stated because Eiffage operates both models side by side.

Sources: Eiffage/APRR Q3 2026 and H1 2026 releases (webdisclosure/Eiffage); Eiffage FY2024 annual results; Eiffage company listings, Oct 2026

14. IRB INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPERS LTD — MUMBAI, INDIA

Founded 1998 (founded by Virendra D. Mhaiskar in Mumbai) · Integrated operator-builder

Leader: Virendra D. Mhaiskar, Chairman and Managing Director (founder) — exact published title as listed by the company Chair: Virendra D. Mhaiskar, Chairman and Managing Director (combined role as published)

Leadership: Chairman & Managing Director Virendra D. Mhaiskar; board/KMP as published in IRB annual report CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: BOT and TOT toll-road concessions; HAM (hybrid annuity) projects; EPC road construction for its own concessions and third parties; InvIT asset management

Customers: Motorists and freight on national/state highways; grantor: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and state road authorities as published

Scale: Revenue figure not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly; scale carried as portfolio: largest private toll-road portfolio in India by lane-km in company reporting (see Concession km)

Concessions & networks: c. 18,000 lane-km portfolio across BOT/TOT/HAM assets in company reporting (basis: lane-km, India — not route-km; stated as published) Networks: Mumbai-Pune Expressway & NH-48 sections; Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway; Jaipur-Deoli, Tumkur-Chitradurga, Kaithal-Rajasthan border, Goa/Karnataka and other NH corridors; Ganga Expressway (UPEIDA) packages as published

Footprint: India (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and other states as published) · Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (registered office as published on irb.co.in)

Structure: Listed on BSE/NSE (India); promoter Mhaiskar family; IRB InvIT Fund (listed) holds a portfolio of completed toll roads

Website: irb.co.in · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via irb.co.in investor relations and project pages; InvIT via irbinvit.com published channels

Founded in 1998 as a road contractor; became one of India's largest BOT (build-operate-transfer) toll-road developers, delivering Mumbai-Pune Expressway sections, Ahmedabad-Vadodara (NH-48) and national-highway TOT/HAM concessions; sponsors IRB InvIT Fund, India's first listed infrastructure investment trust for roads (2017); GIC and Cintra took strategic stakes in the InvIT platform. India's archetypal private toll-road developer-operator, pairing BOT concessions with the country's first roads InvIT — the monetisation model now copied across Indian highways. Tolling posture: barrier plazas with FASTag electronic toll collection (India's national ETC, now dominant) across NHAI concessions. Named gap: dated revenue not verified in sources consulted; lane-km basis is flagged in-row so it is not misread as route-km.

Sources: IRB Infrastructure company and annual-report pages (irb.co.in); IRB InvIT published portfolio materials, Oct 2026

15. SACYR S.A. — SACYR CONCESIONES — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 1986 (founded as Sociedad Anónima Caminos y Regadíos; Sacyr name from 1991) · Integrated operator-builder

Leader: Manuel Manrique Cecilia, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (co-founder) — combined role as published Chair: Manuel Manrique Cecilia, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Leadership: Chairman and CEO Manuel Manrique Cecilia; divisional leadership as published on sacyr.com CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Transport concessions (highways, hospitals, airports context) via Sacyr Concesiones; construction (Sacyr Construcción); water concessions and services

Customers: Motorists and freight in Chile, Colombia, Spain, Italy, Paraguay; grantor governments and availability-payment authorities as published

Scale: Revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as concessions portfolio (40+ concessions in company reporting, roads the largest class)

Concessions & networks: Road concessions published asset-by-asset (Chile Ruta 5 Los Vilos-La Serena and other sections, Colombian 4G corridors, Spanish A-6/AP-46 context, Italian Pedemontana Veneta via SIS); no single verified group km total in sources consulted — stated plainly Networks: Chile: Ruta 5 sections, Américo Vespucio Oriente (Santiago) context; Colombia: Rumichaca-Pasto, Montes de María and other 4G corridors; Italy: Pedemontana Veneta (via SIS consortium); Spain/Portugal/Paraguay: published concession list on sacyr.com

Footprint: Spain, Chile, Colombia, Italy, Portugal, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia (group footprint as published) · Headquarters: Calle Condesa de Venadito 7, 28027 Madrid, Spain (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange (BMAD: SCYR, IBEX 35); widely held with founding/management-linked shareholders as published

Website: sacyr.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via sacyr.com concessions and investor pages; concession-level sites for Chilean/Colombian assets as published

Founded in 1986 in Madrid as a construction company; built Sacyr Concesiones into a leading PPP developer across Spain, Chile, Colombia, Italy, Portugal and Paraguay (notably Chilean Ruta 5 sections and Colombian 4G highways); Vallehermoso merger (2003) and later refocus on concessions, construction and services (Sacyr Agua). Spain's concessions-led integrated group: construction cash flows are deliberately recycled into long-life Latin American and Italian highway concessions, the reverse of the pure-builder model. Tolling posture: barrier + electronic (TAG) in Chile; electronic/manual mix in Colombia; availability/shadow-toll structures on some European assets as published. Named gap: dated group revenue not verified in sources consulted.

Sources: Sacyr company and concessions pages (sacyr.com); Sacyr listings, Oct 2026

BUILDERS

16. ACS GROUP (ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y SERVICIOS) — INCLUDING HOCHTIEF AND DRAGADOS — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 1997 (ACS formed by merger of OCP Construcciones and Ginés Navarro; Dragados roots 1941; HOCHTIEF roots 1873) · Builder

Leader: Juan Santamaría Cases, Chief Executive Officer, ACS Group (since May 2022) — also Chairman of Abertis per Abertis 2025 presentation Chair: Florentino Pérez Rodríguez, Executive Chairman

Leadership: Executive Chairman Florentino Pérez; Group CEO Juan Santamaría Cases (ACS listings, Oct 2026) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Construction (Dragados, HOCHTIEF, Turner, CIMIC, Flatiron, Thiess context); concessions development (Iridium; Abertis shareholding — see Abertis); integrated services (Clece — context)

Customers: Grantor governments and private infrastructure owners worldwide; motorists only indirectly via Abertis (see Abertis entry)

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried in-row — ACS reports in the tens of billions of euros annually; the dated figure was not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as ranking: consistently top-3 international contractor by ENR revenue

Concessions & networks: Not applicable as a direct operator total — builder (ACS's operated toll-road kilometres sit in Abertis, c. 8,000 km, and are counted in the Abertis entry to avoid double-counting) Networks: Built/delivered (not operated in ACS's own name): highway and bridge programmes via Dragados (Spain, Americas), HOCHTIEF (Germany, North America via Flatiron), CIMIC (Australia); operated networks via Abertis — see Abertis entry

Footprint: Spain, Germany, United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and 40+ further markets (group reporting) · Headquarters: Avenida Pío XII 102, 28036 Madrid, Spain (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange (BMAD: ACS, IBEX 35); Florentino Pérez is the leading shareholder and chairman

Website: grupoacs.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via grupoacs.com and subsidiary sites (dragados.com, hochtief.com, turnerconstruction.com, cimic.com.au)

Formed in 1997; acquired Dragados (2003) and control of Germany's HOCHTIEF (from 2007), creating one of the world's largest construction groups; roads activity runs through Dragados, HOCHTIEF, Turner (USA), CIMIC (Australia) and Flatiron; ACS is simultaneously a controlling shareholder of Abertis (see Abertis entry) — its concession interest is recorded there, and this entry covers ACS as a builder. A builder that also half-controls an operator: ACS's roads story is deliberately split in this guide — construction here, the Abertis concessions in Abertis's own entry — so kilometres are never double-counted. Category is Builder by design for this entry, with the Abertis shareholding cross-referenced. Tolling posture is therefore stated at Abertis level, not here.

Sources: ACS Group company pages (grupoacs.com); Abertis Corporate Presentation 2025 (Santamaría dual role); ENR Top 250 International Contractors (annual)

17. BALFOUR BEATTY PLC — LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

Founded 1909 (founded in London by Andrew Beatty and Arthur Balfour) · Builder

Leader: Philip Hoare, Group Chief Executive (since September 2025; succeeded Leo Quinn) — as announced by the company in 2025 Chair: Charles Allen, Lord Allen of Kensington, Chairman

Leadership: Group Chief Executive Philip Hoare; Chairman Lord Allen; executive team as published on balfourbeatty.com CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Construction (UK highways and major projects, US civil and buildings); support services (road maintenance and asset management); infrastructure investments (legacy PPP portfolio, being realised)

Customers: National Highways, Transport Scotland, local authorities (UK); US state DOTs and private owners; Hong Kong authorities via Gammon — as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as UK market position (largest UK contractor in annual industry rankings)

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (legacy UK road PPP equity is held as investments, not published as an operated concession-km total) Networks: Delivered/maintained (not concessions): M25 and strategic-road-network schemes and maintenance frameworks for National Highways, A-roads programmes, US interstate works via Balfour Beatty US — project-level, as published

Footprint: United Kingdom, United States, Hong Kong (Gammon joint venture) · Headquarters: 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London E14 5HU, United Kingdom (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE: BBY, FTSE 250)

Website: balfourbeatty.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via balfourbeatty.com business pages and National Highways supply-chain channels; investor relations as published

Founded in 1909; built much of Britain's motorway and trunk-road network as contractor and, historically, via PPP concessions; today the UK's largest contractor, with US buildings/civil (Balfour Beatty US) and Hong Kong (Gammon, 50%) arms; UK highways work is delivered for National Highways and local authorities under long-term frameworks. Britain's incumbent highways contractor: it maintains and rebuilds the strategic road network that the UK — uniquely in this guide — funds publicly without toll concessions. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. CEO succession (Quinn → Hoare, Sep 2025) is dated in-row because it is recent.

Sources: Balfour Beatty company and leadership pages and 2025 CEO succession announcement (balfourbeatty.com)

18. CHINA ROAD AND BRIDGE CORPORATION (CRBC) — BEIJING, CHINA

Founded 1979 (established as CRBC; predecessor Foreign Aid Office of the Ministry of Communications from 1958) · Builder

Leader: Not verified from an official English source for this edition — CRBC publishes leadership in Chinese; historical English releases name Du Fei as President (2017-era releases) and that name is NOT carried as current, stated plainly Chair: Not verified from an official English source for this edition — stated plainly

Leadership: Leadership published on crbc.com (Chinese); English verification not available for this edition — named as a gap rather than filled from dated releases CFO: Not published

Business: EPC/turnkey construction of highways, expressways, bridges, tunnels, ports and railways; BOT/investment projects selectively; design and project management

Customers: Grantor governments and road authorities in 60+ countries (Kenya, Ethiopia, Croatia/EU, Pakistan, Cambodia and others as published); Chinese state clients for domestic works

Scale: Standalone CRBC revenue not published separately from CCCC group reporting — stated plainly; scale carried as parent context: CCCC is among the world's largest infrastructure contractors by revenue (ENR Top 250, annual editions)

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (CRBC is primarily an EPC contractor; investment/BOT holdings are held at CCCC level and are not published as a CRBC concession-km total) Networks: Delivered networks (not concessions): Pelješac Bridge and access roads (Croatia); Mombasa-Nairobi corridor works (Kenya); Addis Ababa-Adama Expressway (Ethiopia); Phnom Penh-Sihanoukville Expressway construction participation (Cambodia); Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway sections (Pakistan) — as published in project records

Footprint: 60+ countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America (company reporting) · Headquarters: Anding Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China (CRBC Building; full address as published on crbc.com)

Structure: State-owned; wholly owned subsidiary of China Communications Construction Group (CCCG) / listed CCCC (HKEX: 1800; SSE: 601800), ultimately SASAC-controlled

Website: crbc.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via crbc.com (English/Chinese) published contact forms and CCCC investor channels

Grew from the Chinese government's foreign-aid road office (1958) into CRBC in 1979; became a subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) in the 2005 state restructuring; signature works include the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (with CCCC context), Addis Ababa ring roads, the Pelješac Bridge in Croatia (EU-funded, opened 2022), the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge works packages and highways across Africa and Asia. The Belt and Road's flagship road builder: more overseas highway and bridge kilometres delivered as a contractor than any peer in this guide, while holding almost no concessions in its own name — the purest builder in the roster. Included exactly as briefed — as a builder. Concession_km therefore states 'Not applicable — builder' honestly, with delivered-project networks listed instead. Named gaps: current chairman/president names and standalone revenue are not verifiable from official English sources.

Sources: CRBC company site and project releases (crbc.com); CCCC group reporting; Pelješac Bridge opening records, 2022

19. COLAS S.A. (BOUYGUES GROUP) — PARIS, FRANCE

Founded 1929 (founded as Société Routière Colas — 'Colas' from cold asphalt emulsion) · Builder

Leader: Pierre Vanstoflegatte, Chief Executive Officer, Colas (per Bouygues FY2025 results governance reporting, Feb 2026) Chair: Pascal Minault, Chairman of the Board, Colas (appointed in Bouygues' 2026 Construction-division governance; also head of the Construction division)

Leadership: Chairman Pascal Minault; CEO Pierre Vanstoflegatte (Bouygues FY2025 results call/reporting, 26 Feb 2026) CFO: Not published at Colas level in sources consulted — group finance via Bouygues published structure

Business: Road construction and maintenance (Roads — mainland France, EMEA, USA, Canada, Asia-Pacific); railways and specialised activities (Colas Rail); construction materials (quarries, emulsion and asphalt plants — c. 3,500 production units)

Customers: Grantor governments, municipalities, motorway concessionaires and private owners; c. 45,000 projects per year (company reporting)

Scale: Sales EUR 16,020 million, FY2025, of which Roads the large majority (Bouygues FY2025 results presentation, 26 Feb 2026: Colas sales EUR 16,020m vs EUR 15,907m in 2024); backlog EUR 13.7 billion at end-2025

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (Colas holds minor transport interests via Bouygues, e.g., BINA Istra in Croatia at group level, but publishes no operated concession-km total) Networks: Delivered/maintained (not concessions): national and departmental road programmes in France, the UK, North America and Africa; Colas Rail networks (Nice-Breil modernisation cited in FY2025 reporting) — project-level, as published

Footprint: c. 50 countries on five continents; 59% of revenue outside France (2024 reporting); 64,000 employees · Headquarters: 1 rue du Colonel Pierre Avia, 75015 Paris, France (Colas registered office as published)

Structure: Subsidiary of Bouygues SA (listed, Euronext Paris: EN); Colas itself delisted in September 2023

Website: colas.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via colas.com regional subsidiaries (Colas UK, Colas Inc. USA, Colas Canada and peers); Bouygues investor channels for financial reporting

Founded in 1929 to exploit cold bitumen emulsion technology; became the world's archetypal road-construction and maintenance group; majority-acquired by Bouygues (now c. 97%); delisted from Euronext Paris in 2023 and now sits in Bouygues' Construction division alongside Bouygues Construction and Bouygues Immobilier; operates c. 45,000 projects a year through c. 2,000 operating units. The pure road builder at global scale: no other entry derives so much revenue from building and maintaining roads it does not own — the exact inverse of Abertis or Transurban. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. Governance note: the Minault/Vanstofl­egatte pairing dates from Bouygues' 2026 Construction-division reorganisation and is carried with that date.

Sources: Bouygues FY2025 results presentation and call, 26 Feb 2026; Colas company profile (colas.com / Bouygues reporting)

20. FCC GROUP — FCC CONSTRUCCIÓN — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 1900 (FCC — Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas — founded in Barcelona) · Builder

Leader: Not published as a single Group CEO in sources consulted — FCC publishes Chairman and FCC Construcción leadership separately; stated plainly Chair: Not verified from an official source for this edition — stated plainly (chairmanship via fcc-group.com governance pages)

Leadership: Group and FCC Construcción leadership as published on fcc-group.com; CEO/chair names not carried where unverified — see Named gaps CFO: Not published

Business: Construction (FCC Construcción — roads, tunnels, bridges, rail); environmental services; water (Aqualia); real estate and cement (context)

Customers: Grantor governments in Spain, Latin America, the Middle East and Europe as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (FCC holds concessions selectively at group level; no operated toll-road km total published) Networks: Delivered (not concessions): Spanish motorway and dual-carriageway programmes, Latin American highway corridors, Middle East road works — project-level, as published

Footprint: Spain, Latin America, Middle East, Europe, United States (group reporting in 30+ countries) · Headquarters: Avenida del Camino de Santiago 40, 28050 Madrid, Spain (FCC headquarters, Las Tablas, as published)

Structure: Listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange (BMAD: FCC); Inversora Carso (Carlos Slim) is controlling shareholder

Website: fcc-group.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via fcc-group.com and FCC Construcción country pages as published

Founded in 1900; one of Spain's historic contractors (merger of Construcciones y Contratas and Fomento de Obras, 1992); FCC Construcción delivers highways, tunnels and bridges across Spain, the Americas, the Middle East and Europe (signature: Riyadh metro context, Panama metro, Peruvian and Chilean road works, Spanish motorway programmes); majority shareholder Carlos Slim (via Inversora Carso, from 2016). Spain's oldest continuously operating major contractor in the roster, now Slim-controlled — included to complete the Spanish builder set (ACS, Sacyr, Acciona, OHLA, FCC) that built much of Latin America's tolled network. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. Named gap: group CEO/chair names were not verified from an official source for this edition and are left as gaps by design.

Sources: FCC Group company pages (fcc-group.com), Oct 2026

21. LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED (L&T) — TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE — MUMBAI, INDIA

Founded 1938 (founded in Bombay by Danish engineers Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian Toubro) · Builder

Leader: S. N. Subrahmanyan, Chairman and Managing Director Chair: S. N. Subrahmanyan, Chairman and Managing Director (combined role as published); A. M. Naik, Chairman Emeritus

Leadership: Chairman and Managing Director S. N. Subrahmanyan; executive board as published by L&T CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly (Group CFO named in L&T annual report)

Business: EPC construction — transportation infrastructure (highways, expressways, bridges), heavy civil, buildings, power, water; technology services and finance at group level (context)

Customers: NHAI, state governments, expressway authorities (UPEIDA and peers) and private owners in India and the Gulf as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as position: India's largest EPC group by revenue in annual industry reporting

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder for this guide (historic BOT portfolio was held via L&T IDPL and has been substantially monetised/transferred as published; no current operated concession-km total is carried) Networks: Delivered (not concessions): greenfield expressway packages (Delhi-Mumbai Expressway sections and peers), national-highway EPC corridors, major bridges (Atal Setu / Mumbai Trans Harbour Link participation context) — project-level, as published

Footprint: India (core), Middle East/Gulf, Africa and Southeast Asia (company reporting) · Headquarters: L&T House, Ballard Estate, Mumbai 400 001, India (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on BSE/NSE (India); widely held institutional ownership with employee trusts among significant holders as published

Website: larsentoubro.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via larsentoubro.com business pages and investor relations as published

Founded in 1938; India's largest engineering and construction group; its Transportation Infrastructure business builds national highways, expressways (including sections of the Delhi-Mumbai and other greenfield expressways), bridges and urban roads; L&T IDPL historically developed BOT roads (many since transferred to the L&T Infrastructure Investment Trust / IndInfravit context) — L&T is carried here as a builder, with that concessions history stated. India's builder at continental scale: where IRB owns and tolls, L&T primarily designs and builds — the two Indian entries together map the country's split between developer-operators and EPC giants. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line, with the IDPL/InvIT history in full so the classification is not mistaken for the whole story.

Sources: L&T company and annual-report pages (larsentoubro.com), Oct 2026

22. OHLA GROUP (OBRASCÓN HUARTE LAIN, S.A.) — MADRID, SPAIN

Founded 1999 (merger of Obrascón, Huarte and Lain; Obrascón roots 1911) · Builder

Leader: José Antonio Fernández Gallar, Chief Executive Officer Chair: José Antonio Fernández Gallar, Chairman and CEO (combined role as published; verify in latest governance release)

Leadership: CEO José Antonio Fernández Gallar; board as published on ohla.com CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Construction — highways, tunnels, bridges, railways, hospitals and buildings; industrial services; US construction via OHLA USA (Judlau, Community Asphalt)

Customers: Grantor governments and private owners in Spain, the USA, Latin America and Europe as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (OHLA's former concessions are now Aleatica — see that entry; no double-counting) Networks: Delivered (not concessions): Spanish motorway programmes, US interstate and expressway works via OHLA USA (Florida, New York, Illinois, Texas, California), Latin American highway works — project-level, as published

Footprint: Spain, United States, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Panama, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden (company reporting) · Headquarters: Paseo de la Castellana 259C (Torre Espacio), 28046 Madrid, Spain (registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange (BMAD: OHL); Villar Mir family historically anchor shareholder (stake reduced in recapitalisations, as published)

Website: ohla.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via ohla.com and OHLA USA published channels

Formed in 1999 from three Spanish contractors; built highways across Spain, Mexico, the United States, Chile, Colombia and Central Europe; its former concessions arm became Aleatica (see Aleatica entry) after IFM's 2018 acquisition — OHLA today is a pure construction and industrial-services group, and that separation is the reason both companies appear, in different categories. The former owner of Aleatica, now its counterparty-turned-competitor in construction only — the pair of entries together show how IFM's 2018 deal split building from owning. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line, with the Aleatica cross-reference in full.

Sources: OHLA company pages (ohla.com); Aleatica/IFM transaction history, 2018

23. STRABAG SE — VIENNA, AUSTRIA

Founded 1835 (roots in Spittal/Drau, Austria; STRABAG name from Straßenbau-Aktiengesellschaft, 1923) · Builder

Leader: Stefan Kratochwill, Chief Executive Officer (CEO of STRABAG SE, per 2025 results releases) Chair: Not published as a separate Chairman of the Management Board — Supervisory Board chairmanship published on strabag.com governance pages; not carried where unverified in sources consulted

Leadership: CEO Stefan Kratochwill; CFO Christian Harder; Management Board members Jörg Rösler, Siegfried Wanker, Péter Glöckler (STRABAG company presentation 2026) CFO: Christian Harder, Chief Financial Officer (Management Board, per STRABAG 2026 company presentation)

Business: Transportation infrastructure (road construction, rail, tunnelling, ground engineering); building construction and civil engineering; construction materials; concessions/PPP development (STRABAG Infrastructure Development) selectively

Customers: Grantor governments, municipalities and private owners in Europe and Australia; motorway authorities (ASFINAG, Autobahn GmbH and peers) as published

Scale: Consolidated revenue EUR 18,714.28 million, FY2025 (+7%); output EUR 20,423.95 million, FY2025; order backlog EUR 31,374.55 million at end-2025 (STRABAG FY2025 results releases, 2026)

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (STRABAG develops PPP concessions selectively but publishes no operated concession-km total; stated plainly) Networks: Delivered/maintained networks (not concessions): German Autobahn PPP sections, Austrian ASFINAG programmes, Polish A2/S-road programmes, Czech and Hungarian motorway works — as published in project reporting

Footprint: Austria, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Benelux, Scandinavia, Australia and further markets (segment reporting) · Headquarters: Donau-City-Straße 9, 1220 Vienna, Austria (STRABAG SE registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange (WBAG: STR); core shareholders include the Haselsteiner family foundation, UNIQA and Raiffeisen groups as published

Website: strabag.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via strabag.com country organisations and investor relations; no published general email

Austrian road-building roots from 1835/1923; grew into Central and Eastern Europe's largest contractor after 1989; listed in Vienna; Strategy 2030 expansion into Australia (Georgiou Group acquisition, Q1 2025), water and energy infrastructure alongside its core transportation-infrastructure (roads, rail, tunnelling) business. Europe's largest road builder by transportation-infrastructure output in this roster, with a published Management Board in full and a 2025 order backlog above EUR 30 billion for the first time. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. Tolling posture not applicable — STRABAG builds tolled roads for authorities (notably in its ASFINAG/ASFINAG-service history) without operating them.

Sources: STRABAG FY2025 results releases (EQS, Apr 2026); STRABAG SE company presentation 2026 (strabag.com)

24. SKANSKA AB — STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN

Founded 1887 (founded in Malmö as AB Skånska Cementgjuteriet) · Builder

Leader: Anders Danielsson, President and Chief Executive Officer Chair: Hans Biörck, Chairman of the Board

Leadership: President and CEO Anders Danielsson; Chairman Hans Biörck; Group Leadership Team as published on skanska.com CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly (Group CFO named on skanska.com leadership pages)

Business: Construction (civil — roads, bridges, tunnels; building); project development (residential, commercial; infrastructure development selectively)

Customers: Grantor governments and transport authorities (US state DOTs, National Highways England context, Nordic road administrations); private developers as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as footprint and US civil ranking (consistently top-tier US heavy-civil contractor in ENR reporting)

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (legacy PPP equity largely divested; no operated concession-km total published) Networks: Delivered (not concessions): US highway/bridge programmes (I-4 Ultimate Florida participation, LaGuardia roadways context, major river crossings), UK highways frameworks, Nordic road programmes — project-level, as published

Footprint: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, United Kingdom, United States · Headquarters: Warfvinges väg 25, 112 74 Stockholm, Sweden (Skanska AB registered office as published)

Structure: Listed on Nasdaq Stockholm (SKA B); anchor shareholders include Industrivärden and Lundberg groups as published

Website: skanska.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via skanska.com country and business-unit sites (Skanska USA Civil published channels)

Founded in 1887 in Sweden; internationalised into the USA, UK and Central Europe; US civil business (Skanska USA Civil) is a major heavy-civil and roads contractor (bridges, highways, tunnels); exited most PPP equity holdings progressively while retaining construction as core; LaGuardia and major US bridge/highway programmes are signature recent works. The Nordic builder whose US civil arm builds American highways at scale while owning none of them — a clean contractor counterpoint to the US managed-lanes operators in this guide. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. Named gap: dated group revenue and Group CFO name not verified in sources consulted for this edition.

Sources: Skanska company and leadership pages (skanska.com); ENR contractor reporting, Oct 2026

25. WEBUILD S.P.A. (FORMERLY SALINI IMPREGILO) — MILAN, ITALY

Founded 2014 (Webuild formed from Salini (1959) and Impregilo (roots 1906); renamed Webuild in 2020) · Builder

Leader: Pietro Salini, Chief Executive Officer Chair: Gian Luca Gregori, Chairman (as published by the company; verify in latest governance release)

Leadership: CEO Pietro Salini; Chairman Gian Luca Gregori — as published in Webuild governance materials (chairmanship flagged for re-verification in README) CFO: Not published in sources consulted for this edition — stated plainly

Business: Heavy construction — highways and motorways, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams and hydraulic works; O&M selectively; US roads via Lane, Australian infrastructure via Clough

Customers: Grantor governments and concessionaires worldwide (Webuild frequently builds FOR the operators in this guide); Italian ANAS/MIT, US state DOTs (via Lane) as published

Scale: Group revenue figure not carried — not verified from an official release in sources consulted for this edition, stated plainly; scale carried as position: Italy's largest construction group and a top global contractor in ENR reporting

Concessions & networks: Not applicable — builder (no operated toll-road concession total published) Networks: Delivered (not concessions): Italian A-road/motorway programmes, Genoa San Giorgio Bridge (with Fincantieri context, 2020), US interstate works via Lane, Australian road programmes via Clough — project-level, as published

Footprint: Italy, United States, Australia, Middle East, Europe, Latin America and Africa — 50+ countries (company reporting) · Headquarters: Via della Dataria / Milan offices — registered office Milan, Italy, as published on webuildgroup.com (full address in corporate profile)

Structure: Listed on Borsa Italiana (BIT: WBD); Salini family (via Salini S.p.A.) is controlling shareholder; CDP Equity holds a strategic stake as published

Website: webuildgroup.com · Contact: email Not published; phone Not published. Via webuildgroup.com and subsidiary sites (Lane, Clough); investor relations as published

Created by the Salini family's combination of Salini and Impregilo (2014), renamed Webuild in 2020; acquired Astaldi (2020) and Australia's Clough (2023); signature road works include Italian motorway programmes, US highway works via Lane Construction, and major bridges/tunnels worldwide; Italy's largest contractor. The bridge-and-motorway heavyweight that rebuilt Genoa's collapsed Morandi crossing in a year — included as Italy's builder answer to its own operator, Mundys. Builder entry: concession_km states the builder honesty line. Chairmanship is carried as published with an explicit re-verification flag — see Named gaps.

Sources: Webuild company and governance pages (webuildgroup.com); ENR reporting, Oct 2026

NAMED GAPS

- Chinese listed operators (Jiangsu Expressway, Zhejiang Expressway): chairman/CEO-equivalent names and dated revenue are published in Chinese annual reports and HKEX filings; no single CEO title exists in their structure and no English-verified names/figures were carried rather than guessing. CRBC leadership is likewise published in Chinese; a 2017-era English release naming Du Fei as President is explicitly NOT carried as current.

- FCC Group: group CEO/chair names were not verified from an official source for this edition and are left as stated gaps.

- Webuild chairmanship is carried as published with a re-verification flag.

- Revenue not carried (dated figure unverified in sources consulted): Brisa (current year), Aleatica (group), IRB Infrastructure, Sacyr, Skanska, Balfour Beatty, Webuild, Acciona, OHLA, FCC, L&T, NEXCO East (English), Jiangsu and Zhejiang Expressways. Each entry carries scale instead as network length, portfolio or market position, labelled as such.

- Concession kilometres: Transurban and Ferrovial publish asset-by-asset rather than a single group km total, and their cells say so; Abertis/Mundys totals overlap by ownership (Abertis sits inside Mundys) and are never summed in this guide; IRB's portfolio is published in lane-km and is flagged as lane-km in-row.

- Contacts: only Transurban publishes a general corporate email and phone in its ASX releases among the 25; every other entry prints the published route (site/concessionaire channels) and 'Not published' in the email/phone cells — no address was guessed.

- By design, covered in context, not padded as rows: NEXCO Central and NEXCO West (inside NEXCO East); Autostrade per l'Italia (sold by Mundys/Atlantia in 2022 — inside Mundys); Sanef, Arteris, VíasChile and RCO (inside Abertis); APRR's fellow French concessionaires Sanef (Abertis) and VINCI Autoroutes (inside VINCI); HOCHTIEF/Dragados/Turner/CIMIC (inside ACS); Lane and Clough (inside Webuild); Gammon (inside Balfour Beatty); OHL's former concessions (now Aleatica — both entries cross-refer).